Reproduced by permission of the Provost and Fellows of Eton College.
Due
to building work public visits to Eton College have not been possible during
2014, so I was grateful to the Provost for allowing a private visit to see the
College Chapel and its modern windows by Evie Hone and John Piper. Verger Tom
Oakshott introduced me to the space and, despite being relatively new to the
post, provided a wealth of information.
A
bomb that fell on Upper School in 1940 shattered all the Chapel glass except
that in the window above the organ. The east window, which was created by Evie
Hone and inserted in 1952 as a replacement, is considered by many to be one of
the masterpieces of modern stained-glass art. The designs for the windows
flanking it, four on each side, are by John Piper and were executed in glass by
Patrick Reyntiens from 1959 onwards. The subjects are divided into four
miracles on the north side and four parables on the south, each built around a
general theme of success and failure.
Patrick
Reyntiens wrote in The Technique of Stained Glass that Hone’s window was, "a dramatic breakthrough ... Which
may look historic now but when it was done it proved to be the herald of a new
period of co-operation between the eye of the painter and the eye of the artist
in stained glass." He also suggested that it was “John Piper's interest in stained glass, following on from the remarkable achievement of Evie Hone, at Eton College Chapel in 1948-49, that started the medium towards the sensibility of the painter."
In
Hone’s work, this painterly sensibility derived from the dual influences of
Albert Gleizes and Georges Rouault. Despite his influence on Jacques Maritain
and the ideas Maritain developed in Art and Scholasticism, the work of Georges Rouault had not been well received
by the Roman Catholic Church and until 1950, when five windows based on his
designs were included among the many artworks commissioned through Père Couturier for Notre-Dame-de-Toute-Grâce at Assy, he received no church commissions. One incident demonstrating the
continuing controversy caused by his work concerned a painting Christ in His Passion which was
presented to the Municipal Gallery of Modern Art in Dublin in 1942 by the
Friends of the National Collections of Ireland but was rejected on the grounds
that it was ‘offensive to Christian sentiment’ despite its creator being widely
recognised as the foremost Catholic artist of the twentieth century.
Evie
Hone was among those who defended Rouault’s work in this controversy. In the
stained glass that she increasingly produced from the 1930s onwards, Hone has
been said to have passed from the influence of Albert Gleizes, her teacher of
many years, to “the rugged, emotional, representational style of Rouault’s
paintings” (Bruce Arnold, Mainie Jellett and the Modern Movement in Ireland). However, what Hone and her close
friend Mainie Jellett (both students of Gleizes) appreciated about the work of
Rouault involved continuity with the teachings of Gleizes. Jellett spoke of the
“harmonic quality of colour” in Rouault’s work with his use of “velvety black lines”
(often compared to the lead lines of stained glass) which are “used to
emphasise the rhythm of the form.” She perceived “a close link with primitive
Christian art and Celtic Christian art,” a link which was also of importance to
Hone who had, on other occasions, related “her sense of rhythm and colour to
her Irish Celtic roots.” (Bruce Adams, Rustic Cubism)
Hone’s
design for the window takes a layered approach with a lower tier Last Supper
scene flanked by the sacrifices of Melchizedek and Abraham below an upper tier Crucifixion
scene flanked by worshippers on the surrounding hillsides and finally a
sequence of ten Christian symbols. While each band of images is complete in
itself, the lower tier precedes the upper tier visually and within the narrative.
This design provides a sense of structure and order conveying a sense of
stillness and peace despite the strength of colour and emotion contained within.
The
centre for this expression of emotive colour is the crucifixion scene which
revisits that found at St Mary’s Downe. The window at Downe was installed in
1950 and has three lights containing the crucified Christ, Mary and St John
with related symbols above, as here. Its effect at Downe is quite different,
however. There the image dominates the church as the primary focus within a
smaller space and being closer and larger to the viewer, the emotive power of
its colour and design is more apparent. Here, the image is within a larger
scheme and at a greater remove reducing the visceral emotive impact but gaining
a sense of story and sequence that is both immediate (the Passion narrative)
and which also links to past and future (the Old Testament images in the lower
tier and the Revelation-linked images of worshippers in the upper tier).
Piper
and Reyntiens had considerable opportunity to study Hone’s design as they were
commissioned to create eight windows in the Chapel; the subjects of these being:
the Miraculous Draft of Fishes, the Feeding of the Five Thousand, the Stilling of the Waters, the Raising of Lazarus, the Light Under a Bushel, the House Built on the Rock, the Lost Sheep, and the Sower.
In the design of their own windows they made a number of
clever and sensitive connections to the east window. The deep reds and blues of
their first two windows mirror the colours which predominate in the Hone
window. As we noted, the Hone window is designed with an early and concluding scene
from the narrative. Piper and Reyntiens structure their windows in the same
way. So, in the Light Under a Bushel,
we have below the light hidden and above the light revealed; in the House Built on the Rock, the scene below
is the house which was destroyed while above is the house that stood firm. This
pattern continues throughout the sequence of parables and miracles.
As there is no resurrection image at the east end of the
Chapel (the tapestry below the window depicting the Nativity), Piper and
Reyntiens begin their sequence of miracles with the Raising of Lazarus. Each of their miracle and parable windows are
also paired across the nave. So, light hidden and revealed in the Light Under a Bushel is contrasted with
death and resurrection in the Raising of
Lazarus; the Stilling of the Waters
is linked with the House on the Rock;
the Lost Sheep with the Feeding of the Five Thousand (the
significance of the few, rather than the many); and the Sower with the Miraculous
Draft of Fishes (scarcity and abundance).
Hone’s “earlier abstract work helped her create a newly
simplified style of stained glass where superfluous detail was removed and pure
colors and shapes soared” (Marianne Hartigan in When Time Began To Rant and Rage). It is this that we see continued
and developed in the work of Piper and Reyntiens. Hitherto, Reyntiens writes, ‘the
craft had been dominated by line rather than by blocks of colour.’ We were conscious,
he says, ‘of bringing stained-glass into the modern movement of painting and
design and in so doing bringing the eye of the painter to the medium.’
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maurice Duruflé - Libera Me.
No comments:
Post a Comment